I am trained to question things. For years, I did not question the “dissolving” film on many dishwasher and laundry pods. If it vanishes in the wash, it must be gone, right?

A customer’s simple question made us look closer: what is that film and where does it go?

Dissolving is not the same as biodegrading

What is PVA? Most pod films are made from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA/PVOH), a water‑soluble synthetic polymer. PVA is produced in two steps: first, vinyl acetate monomer (from petrochemical feedstocks) is polymerized to poly(vinyl acetate); second, that polymer is hydrolyzed/saponified to replace acetate groups with hydroxyls, yielding PVA. Manufacturing details are documented by FAO/WHO JECFA and other monographs.¹²

Why does solubility matter? When a film “dissolves,” it disperses as molecules or very small aggregates in water. That does not prove complete biodegradation to CO₂, water, and biomass in real‑world systems. In the EU’s microplastics restriction (REACH Annex XVII, 2023/2055), the definition targets solid, insoluble, non‑biodegradable polymer particles. Water‑soluble polymers above a solubility threshold (e.g., > 2 g/L) are generally outside scope of that restriction — which is about classification, not a blanket statement on environmental fate.³⁴

How is biodegradability assessed? Standardized lab screens (e.g., OECD 301 series) measure mineralization under controlled aerobic conditions and set pass criteria (such as ~60% mineralization within a 10‑day window before day 28). Passing a lab test indicates potential for rapid biodegradation under the test conditions; it does not guarantee identical performance across all wastewater plants or receiving waters.⁵⁶

What the studies and experts say

• Concern side: A 2021 modeling paper from Arizona State University (IJERPH) estimated that a large fraction of detergent‑grade PVA may pass through U.S. wastewater treatment and reach the environment, based on literature inputs and assumptions about plant performance; an ASU summary explains the rationale and uncertainties.⁷⁸
• Reassurance side: An independent expert panel (SciPinion) reviewed the topic and concluded detergent‑grade PVA is readily biodegradable under accepted test methods and can be effectively removed in many plants; industry groups (ACI) have published critiques of the ASU modeling and provide additional test data and context.^9101112
• Context and definitions: Recent explainers note that dissolved PVA films typically fall outside formal microplastics definitions because they are not solid particles after dissolution, yet the environmental fate of those polymers depends on microbial communities, acclimation, temperature, and time.¹³⁵
• Mechanisms matter: Biodegradation of PVA often involves PQQ‑dependent PVA dehydrogenase and downstream hydrolases in certain microbes; acclimation and suitable conditions can be important, which helps explain variability between labs and plants.¹⁴¹⁵

Where advocacy fits – including Blueland

Advocates helped push this topic into the spotlight. Blueland, for example, has campaigned for caution around PVA in pods (the “Pods Are Plastic” effort) and supported a New York City bill that would restrict PVA‑containing pods and sheets; major trade groups have pushed back, citing test data and regulatory views. Coverage from mainstream outlets provides useful context.¹⁶¹⁸¹¹

Where Green Llama lands

Two things drive our choice:

• Origin: PVA today is petrochemical‑derived.
• Uncertainty: Biodegradation can occur in certain tests, but real‑world results differ.

So we keep it simple: our Dishwasher Tabs are film‑free. Fewer assumptions. Fewer variables. And an approach that aligns with our Promise of Positive Cleaning.

Why we avoid petrochemical‑derived ingredients where possible

• Finite feedstocks + climate impact: Petrochemicals come from fossil resources. Extraction and refining add lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions; we prefer routes that can reduce embedded carbon when performance allows.²¹²²
• Circularity and renewable content: When a credible, equal‑performance option exists, we prioritize plant‑ or mineral‑based inputs that increase renewable content and support a more circular materials economy — assessed case by case, not assumed. ²⁰
• End‑of‑life uncertainty: For certain petrochemical polymers used in consumer formats, real‑world breakdown and removal can vary by setting. Reducing reliance on such inputs lowers the chance of persistence if systems underperform.¹³
• Transparency and stewardship: Programs like EPA Safer Choice encourage full‑ingredient review and continual improvement. Favoring simpler, non‑film formats helps us document and communicate end‑of‑life with fewer caveats. ¹⁹
• Practical performance tests: We switch only when performance, safety, and cost meet or beat the incumbent. Origin alone does not guarantee safety — hazard and exposure still matter — but when performance is equivalent, we bias toward lower‑impact, non‑petrochemical options.

Reality check: Petrochemical‑derived ingredients are still used in some cases across our industry when there is no equally safe, effective, and affordable alternative. When we must use them, we keep levels minimal, disclose clearly, and continue R&D toward better options.

How to check your current pods

• Ask for specifics: What film is used? Which OECD 301 method(s) were run, and did the test include acclimated inoculum? Any pilot data from local plants?⁵
• Match claims to your reality: Lab “ready biodegradation” ≠ guaranteed removal in every plant; outcomes vary with process design, temperature, residence time, and microbial community.¹³
• Know the definitions: Under the EU’s microplastics restriction, water‑soluble polymers above defined thresholds are typically out of scope — classification that is separate from site‑specific biodegradation performance.³⁴
• Check directories: For general safety programs, review EPA Safer Choice pages to understand how ingredient review works for labeled products.¹⁹

Key terms

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA/PVOH)

A water‑soluble synthetic polymer produced by hydrolyzing poly(vinyl acetate) made from petrochemical vinyl acetate monomer. See refs 1–2.

Vinyl acetate monomer (VAM)

Petrochemical building block used to make poly(vinyl acetate); hydrolysis of that polymer yields PVA. See refs 1–2.

Dissolution vs. biodegradation

Dissolution = dispersing in water; biodegradation = microbial mineralization to CO₂, water, and biomass under defined conditions. See refs 5–6.

Ready biodegradability (OECD 301)

Family of lab tests using standardized conditions; a pass suggests rapid biodegradation under the test conditions, not all environments. See refs 5–6.

Microplastics (EU definition)

Intentionally added, solid, insoluble, non‑biodegradable polymer particles; water‑soluble polymers above thresholds are typically out of scope. See refs 3–4.

Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)

Facilities that remove contaminants via physical, chemical, and biological processes; performance varies by design and operation.

Acclimated inoculum

Microbial community pre‑exposed to a substance; can increase measured biodegradation rates in lab tests. See ref 5.

Mineralization

Complete conversion of organic carbon to inorganic forms (CO₂) by microbes; a core endpoint in biodegradability tests.

PQQ‑dependent PVA dehydrogenase

Enzyme system in some microbes that initiates PVA breakdown; presence depends on community and conditions. See refs 14–15.

EPA Safer Choice

U.S. program that reviews all intentionally added ingredients against human health and environmental criteria for labeled products. See ref 19.

FAQs

Is PVA the same as a microplastic? Not typically. It is a water‑soluble synthetic polymer; debate centers on real‑world fate, not classification.

Does PVA fully biodegrade in wastewater plants? It can under certain tests, but results vary with film grade and local treatment conditions.

Why are your tabs film‑free? To avoid petrochemical films and cut uncertainty about breakdown in diverse systems.

How can I verify my current pods? Check ingredient pages/SDS or ask brands which film and test methods they use.

‘Dissolves’ vs ‘biodegrades’? Dissolving is dispersal in water; biodegradation is microbial breakdown to benign products.

References

1. FAO/WHO JECFA specifications: Polyvinyl alcohol manufacturing (vinyl acetate → hydrolysis).
2. JECFA monograph summary: PVA preparation from vinyl acetate; hydrolysis details.
3. EU REACH microplastics restriction, Recital on water‑soluble polymers: Regulation (EU) 2023/2055.
4. ECHA Q&A on intentionally added microplastics: Scope (solid, insoluble, non‑biodegradable).
5. OECD Test Guideline 301 (Ready Biodegradability): Overview and criteria.
6. OECD 301D quick explainer (10‑day window): Test data sheet.
7. ASU news summary: Are laundry and dish pods biodegradable? Not exactly.
8. Peer‑reviewed study: Degradation of PVA in U.S. wastewater treatment plants (IJERPH 2021).
9. SciPinion panel page: Expert panel reinforces biodegradability.
10. SciPinion public summary PDF: Panel methods and conclusions.
11. American Cleaning Institute explainer: Debunking myths about PVA.
12. ACI myth vs fact sheet (PDF): Response to campaign claims.
13. TIME explainer on PVA films & microplastics definitions: What happens to the plastic in dishwasher pods?.
14. Enzymes/mechanism: PQQ‑dependent PVA dehydrogenase pathway (AEM).
15. Review of microbial PVA degradation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol review.
16. C&EN coverage of NYC bill & regulatory context: NYC considers detergent pod ban.
17. Packaging Dive news: NYC bill could restrict PVA pods.
18. EPA Safer Choice program: Program overview and ingredient review.
19. USDA BioPreferred — Certification criteria and biobased content: Link.
20. IEA — The Future of Petrochemicals: Demand growth and emissions context.
21. U.S. EPA — Sources of greenhouse gas emissions (industry overview): Link.
22. Ellen MacArthur Foundation — Circular economy overview: Link.